Posts Tagged ‘object oriented programming’

What was the reason behind creating it. I would also like to know why Object Oriented Programming came about. If your looking for that best answer you could say why visual programming languages were developed aswell.

Business inventory management software with source code provides the highest flexibility to software developer when comes to customization and integration. Although there are many different powerful business inventory management software around, but it takes more time to integrate and customize, and the solution provider needs to purchase each license from the vendor, greatly lowered the profit margin.

If given a choice to integrate inventory tracking software with the minimum effort and resources, the source code based system will be the one! Passing inventory data is the easiest part in integration, but what if developer need some special modification or enhancement to the inventory software? They can only create a separate entry screen without touching the original system! And my opinion, this is ugly…

The source code based system is gaining popularity over the years, although there are many people turn to open source solution, but the commercial source code based system still gets the highest credit when it comes to support and competitive advantages!

Commercial source code based system received better support, bug fixes and provides higher quality coding with RAD tools! RAD stands for Rapid Application Development. These are powerful tools that allows developer to “draw” their application in the visual way, instead of coding the software through the development life cycle.

Another great feature from commercial source code – Object oriented program in visual way! Object oriented programming is well known, but many business software developers didn’t know the power of visual inheritance! They can define the shared component in the parent and the vary components in the child, by just using RAD tools to “draw” their code!

Back to the inventory features. A good inventory tracking software should support these features:

Feature #1 – Tracking inventory by multiple warehouses.

Feature #2 – Allow adjustment and stock take updates.

Feature #3 – Allow remote query with web interface or windows thin client.

Feature #4 – Allow at a glance view of all warehouse / outlets inventories.

Feature #5 – Fast processing of month end closing.

Feature #6 – Auto distributed multiple outlet stock.

Feature #7 – Auto double entry on outlets stock transfer. (Even with Delivery Order Out at one store and Receiving in at another store, all automated without the needs to double entry!)

All these features are just the tips of the iceberg, and different business inventory management software has different features and emphasis, but all down to the customer’s needs, and only the source code based system can provide such a flexibility for developer to customize their own needs.

Copyright 2008 – Cynics Software. Feel free to distribute this article, along with the resources box in place without modification.

Author: Kok Choon Kow
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I know a little bit about programming from doing some basic stuff. I was wondering about an object oriented programming language. What programming language is used to develop another programming language like Java?

Programmers, when given a task, will generally just sit down and start writing the code. Whether they are using an Object Oriented programming language or not, there is seldom a global view of all the previous work done by other programmers in their organization. All too frequently the same code is repeated in numerous programs and projects. Duplicated code can be created by the same programmer over time, by the programmers in a team, by different teams, and by all the past programmers that ever worked in the company. So reinventing the wheel starts, and continues, and….

Microsoft sets a good example that is seldom followed. They provide commonly used and invaluable routines for programmers. They use these routines primarily for themselves and throughout the entire range of products, in creating and standardizing their Windows Operating system. Microsoft has to be efficient if they want to survive. They try to eliminate all duplicate code in their software. But programmers in a company seldom attempt to create common code. In most companies, once a routine has been written, it would take a brave programmer to attempt to rationalize code that has been working for years.

It is self evident that for any company to be efficient, it must automate. Yet the cost of computerization can be high – highly trained technicians are expensive. And all too often the software produced is inflexible and costly to change.

With reusable code, that is code that is not duplicated throughout an entire organization, the programmer can build programs faster – and programs that run faster. Using less code means greater productivity and faster development cycles. Project handovers are easier for the programmer, with the familiar coding routines. By using the same code repeatedly by every programmer in every project, errors are quickly identified and eliminated. Reusable code also benefits the organization through greater end-user productivity. Users are more comfortable and need less training with standardized software programs.

As the Information Technology Manager of a large company (in another life!), I had a team devoted to finding duplicated code in all the programs ever written. This involved searching through all the Source code used by the company. The duplicate code was identified and converted into centralized and reusable code for all to share. Errors were identified and eliminated – only the best variation of the code was used. Optional parameters allowed for the many variations of the functionality.

Then the redundant code was removed, and replaced by single line functions. This reduced the size and complexity whilst improving maintainability of the programs. Using only the best centralized and reusable code, controlled and documented by senior programmers, was an enormous productivity boost. Change management was simple – only one modification was need, to be immediately available to all programs. The programmers soon saw the advantage of the reusable code, and they started supplying suggestions on additional functions that could be rationalized.

The code that was commonly duplicated was:

• Database and Files – Opening and closing, reading and updating records
• Validation – Eliminating spurious characters like carriage return and line feeds.
• Formatting -Justifying text left, right and centre.
• Error handling routines – user level, recoverable errors and fatal crashes.
• Grid handling -Listing and updating database records.

Converting the error routines into reusable code took on a life of its own. By having one centralized error routine handling all problems, statistics were produced to show the error count for each project and for each project team. This was a valuable management tool, partially to judge the quality of the programming, but mainly to determine which project needed additional resources or further analysis. When important batch jobs were run overnight, a phone call system was initiated to advise the project leader of any problem. This, perhaps more than any other measure, improved the software quality dramatically. Programmers -partners were not amused at being woken up in the early hours of the morning!

Maximizing code reuse should be a fundamental goal of the professional programmer. Achieving this aim involves convincing senior management of the benefits and cost savings of using reusable code, and that resources should be allocated to this end.

Author: Neville Silverman
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Once the campus interview selections are over, and even if you succeed in getting a good IT job, that’s not the end of the story. In the programming field, your first job would be always to brush up your C-C++ programming language syntax and concepts. The basics with which, you cleared examinations that you had written cramming stuff overnight, has to be re-read again now.

Is C/C++ programming that important? Definitely, in fact you can count it in more than one way. Almost all companies deploy C/C++ tests to examine the capabilities of their candidates. There are a several reasons why C/C++ is sought over.

1. The first instance of programming that a student hits over is C programming and this happens as early as the senior secondary grade.

2. Java, which is used in major software companies is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language and C++ is the primary source that teaches the OOP concepts to the students, in order to excel in programming.

3. Almost all books cover the basics of data structure (Data structure is a frame work for managing and organizing data, in case you are not familiar with it) in C/C++ only. This is so because the concepts are clear and simple in these two languages and there are in-built functions to illustrate their deployment too.

4. Many assembly language and system software programs find their relevance with C/C++ programming styles.

Well, importance of C/C++ is so high that it can be called the “Foundation for Programming”. Therefore, anyone who wishes to enter the programming world should use their C/C++ skills as the gateway.

Author: Om Thoke
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This article gives you an introduction to C++ Programming from ground level.
This article won’t teach you all the fundas of C++ programming rather it gives
you the base to learn C++ programming, remember that for further learning, the
base should be strong and this is what this article tries to do. It would let
you know many fundas which will help you in further learning of the the language.
C++ was developed in 1980s in the Bell Laboratories by Bjarne Stroustrup as an
object oriented programming language. This language is considered by many as an
extension of the programming language C. The extension of programming language
C to create C++ is obtained by adding classes to C. This is why C++ was initially
called C with Classes. The C++ programming language derives its
name from the increment operator used in C, which increments the value of a variable.
The symbolic name of C++ rightly indicates that this language is enhanced version
of C.
Features
of C++ Programming Language:-

1. C++ programming language is highly flexible, versatile and very powerful
   programming language for developing any software specially the system software
   namely operating system, compilers etc.
2. C++ is most ideally suited language for development of reusable programs,
   which is very important to keep the production cost minimum.

Comparison of C++ Programming LanguageLet us see how C++ compares
with other programming languages. All the programming languages can be divided
into two categories:-

1. Problem oriented languages or High-level languages: These languages have
   been designed to give a better programming efficiency, i.e. faster program
   development. Examples of languages falling in this category are FORTRAN, BASIC
   etc.
2. Machine oriented languages or Low-level programming languages. These languages
   have been designed to give a better machine efficiency, i.e. faster program
   execution. Examples of programming languages falling in this category are
   Assembly Language and Machine Language.

C++ stands in between these two categories. Thats why it is often called
a Middle level language, since it was designed to have both: a relatively good
programming efficiency (as compared to Machine oriented languages) and relatively
good machine efficiency (as compared to Problem oriented languages).
Getting Started with C++ Programming Communicating with
a computer involves speaking the language the computer understands, which immediately
rules out English as the language of communication with computer. However, there
is a close analogy between learning English language and learning C++ language.
The classical method of learning English is to first learn the alphabets or characters
used in the language, then learn to combine these alphabets to form sentences
and sentences are combined to form paragraphs. Learning C++ programming is similar
and much easier.

Therefore, instead of straight-away learning how to write programs, we must first
know what alphabets, numbers and special symbols are used in C++, then how using
these, constants, variables and keywords are constructed, and finally how are
all these combined to form an instruction. A group of instruction would be combined
later on to form a program. Character SetCharacter set is a set
of valid characters that the language can recognize. A character represents any
letter, digit or any other sign. C++ has the following character set:

Letters A-Z, a-z

Digits 0-9

Special Symbols space + – * / ( )[ ] etc.

White Spaces blank space, horizontal tab, carriage return, newline etc.

Other Characters, C++ can process any of the 256 ASCII characters as data or as
literals.

The alphabets, numbers and special symbols when properly combined form constants,
variables and keywords. Let us see what these are:-

• Constants: Constants are data items that never change
  their value during a program run. C++ programming language allows several
  kinds of constants.
• Variables: Variables are quantities that may vary during
  program execution. Variable names are names given to locations in the memory
  of computer where the value is stored.
• Keywords: These are the words that convey a special meaning
  to the language compiler. Keywords are the words whose meaning has already
  been explained to the C++ compiler. The keywords cannot be used as variable
  names because if we do so we are trying to assign a new meaning to the keyword,
  which is not allowed by the computer. Examples of keywords are if, void, for,
  switch etc.

Data Types in C++Data types are means to identify the types of
data and the associated operations to handle it. In C++ data types are broadly
of two types:-

1. Fundamental Data Types: These are predefined to the C++
   language itself. there are at least five fundamental data types.
   • char- represents that the declared variable of this type can store
     characters
   • int- represents integers
   • float- represents floating point numbers
   • void- represents valueless data
2. Derived Data Types: These are constructed from the fundamental
   types. I will not give you the details here because this is a bit high-level.

Instructions in C++ Programming LanguageNow that we seen the
different types of constants, variables and keywords the next logical step is
to learn how they are combined to form instructions.

• Type declaration instructions: to declare the type of
  variables used in the program.
  
  Eg:- int num;
  
  Here a variable num is declared of type int(eger).
• Input /Output instructions: to perform the function supplying
  input data to a program and obtaining the output results from it.
  
  Eg:-
  
  cin>>a;
  
  cout<
  
  In the first line input is taken from the keyboard by the function cin and
  is assigned to a pre-declared variable a. In the second line Hello
  is printed using the function cout.
• Arithmetic instructions: to perform arithmetic operation
  between constants and variables.
  
  Eg:- c=a+b;
  
  Here c is assigned a value which is the sum of the variables a and b.
• Control instructions: to control the sequence of execution
  of various statements in a C++ program.
  
  Eg:- if (a>b) func1();
  
  Here it is checked whether a is greater than b, if it is, then program execution
  goes to a user defined function func1.

The first C++ ProgramArmed with the knowledge about the
types of variables, constants, keywords etc. we would write down our first C++
program.

Each instruction in a C++ program would comprise of a series of statements. These
statements must appear in the same order in which we want them to be executed.
The following rules are applicable to all C++ programs no matter ho long or complicated
they are

• Blank spaces may be inserted between two words to increase readability
  of the statements. However, no blank spaces are allowed within a variable,
  constant or keyword.
• Usually all statements are entered in small case letters.
• C++ has no specific rules for the position at which a statement is to be
  written. Thats why it is often called free-form language.
• Any C++ statement always ends with a semicolon (;).

Now, let us have a look at a program which calculates the sum of two numbers given
by the user.

//To calculate the sum of two given numbers

#include

main()

{

int num1; //declares a variable num1 of type int(etger)

int num2; //declares a variable num2 of type int(etger)

int sum; //declares a variable sum of type int(etger)

cin>>num1; //takes input and stores to the var num1

cin>>num2; //takes input and stores to the var num2

sum= num1+num2; //adds vars num1 & num2

cout<

}

A few useful tips:-

• Any C++ program is nothing but a combination of functions, main() is one
  such function which is always there in a C++ program in one form or the other.
  Empty parentheses are necessary after main.
• The set of statements belonging to a function is enclosed within a pair
  of braces
  
  Ex.
  
  main()
  
  {
  
  statement1;
  
  statement2;
  
  statement3;
  
  statement4;
  
  }
• Any variable is declared before using it.
• Any C++ statement should always end with a semicolon.
• iostream.h is the file needed to use the functions cin and cout, which
  is included in the program with the include keyword.

SummaryAfter going through the article you have got an
introduction to C++ Programming, you now know what C++ is and how it is used.
You now know the C++ language and have learnt some of the most fundamental parts
of C++. you have learnt how to declare variables and how to use them in arithmetic
operations. In one sentence you have got an introduction to C++ programming which
will help you in further learning of the language.

Author: Arvind Gupta
Article Source: EzineArticles.com